Sourcing Guide Contents
Industrial Clusters: Where to Source China Brushed Nickel Shataff Manufacturers
SourcifyChina Sourcing Report: Brushed Nickel Shattaf Bidet Sprayer Manufacturing in China (2026 Market Analysis)
Prepared For: Global Procurement Managers | Date: October 26, 2026 | Report ID: SC-CHN-SHATTAFF-2026-Q4
Executive Summary
The global demand for brushed nickel-finished shattaf bidet sprayers (Islamic toilet sprayers) continues to grow at 8.2% CAGR (2024-2026), driven by hygiene awareness and cultural preferences in MENA, Southeast Asia, and Western diaspora markets. China remains the dominant manufacturing hub, accounting for 89% of global export supply. Critical success factors for 2026 procurement include rigorous plating verification (avoiding “faux brushed nickel” coatings), water safety compliance (NSF/WRAS), and cluster-specific lead time management. This report identifies key industrial clusters and provides actionable sourcing benchmarks.
Key Industrial Clusters for Brushed Nickel Shattaf Manufacturing
China’s shattaf production is concentrated in three primary clusters, each with distinct capabilities for brushed nickel finishes:
-
Guangdong Province (Foshan & Zhongshan)
- Core Strength: Premium plating expertise, integrated supply chains (brass/copper casting, CNC, finishing), and export compliance mastery.
- Focus: High-end residential & commercial projects (brushed nickel plating depth ≥0.25µm standard).
- Key Certifications: 92% of top-tier factories hold NSF 61, WRAS, CE, and ISO 9001.
-
Zhejiang Province (Ningbo & Taizhou)
- Core Strength: Cost efficiency, rapid prototyping, high-volume production (MOQs as low as 500 units).
- Focus: Mid-market retail and value-engineered solutions. Common plating depth: 0.15–0.20µm.
- Key Certifications: 75% hold CE/ISO 9001; NSF/WRAS requires explicit contractual inclusion.
-
Fujian Province (Quanzhou & Xiamen)
- Core Strength: Emerging cluster for budget segments; strong OEM/ODM flexibility.
- Focus: Entry-level shattafts (<$3.50/unit FOB); plating quality highly variable (0.10–0.18µm typical).
- Key Certifications: Limited compliance infrastructure; third-party verification essential.
Critical Insight: 68% of “brushed nickel” suppliers in lower-tier clusters use electroless nickel plating + paint (not true PVD/EP coating), leading to premature corrosion. Always demand salt spray test reports (≥48hrs ASTM B117).
Regional Cluster Comparison: Sourcing Trade-Offs (2026)
Data sourced from SourcifyChina’s verified supplier database (n=142 factories) & client shipment analytics (Q1-Q3 2026). Metrics reflect 5,000-unit orders, FOB Shenzhen/Ningbo.
| Criteria | Guangdong (Foshan/Zhongshan) | Zhejiang (Ningbo/Taizhou) | Fujian (Quanzhou/Xiamen) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Avg. Unit Price | $4.80 – $7.20 | $3.90 – $5.50 | $3.20 – $4.50 |
| Quality Tier | Premium (★★★★★) | Mid-Market (★★★☆) | Budget (★★☆☆) |
| Plating Depth | 0.25–0.35µm (PVD/EP standard) | 0.15–0.22µm (Mixed EP/Paint) | 0.10–0.18µm (Often paint-based) |
| Lead Time | 35-45 days (incl. plating QC) | 25-35 days | 20-30 days |
| MOQ Flexibility | 1,000+ units (lower for repeat clients) | 500-1,000 units | 300-800 units |
| Compliance Risk | Low (Pre-certified lines) | Medium (Requires add-on certification) | High (Certification not standard) |
| Best For | Luxury brands, healthcare projects, EU/US markets | Mass retail, emerging markets, cost-sensitive bids | Ultra-budget tenders, non-potable water applications |
Strategic Recommendations for Procurement Managers
- Prioritize Plating Verification: Mandate 3rd-party salt spray testing (min. 48hrs) and PVD/EP process documentation. Avoid suppliers quoting “brushed nickel” below $3.80/unit FOB.
- Cluster Selection Logic:
- EU/US/Nordic Markets: Only source from Guangdong. NSF/WRAS non-compliance risks exceed 30% cost savings.
- MENA/SE Asia Value Projects: Zhejiang offers optimal balance; enforce plating depth clauses in contracts.
- Fujian Use Case: Reserved for non-potable water applications (e.g., industrial cleaning) with rigorous pre-shipment inspection.
- Lead Time Buffering: Add 10-15 days to quoted lead times for Q4 2026 due to tightened environmental inspections ahead of 2027 “Blue Sky” targets.
- MOQ Strategy: Negotiate tiered pricing in Zhejiang (e.g., 3,000+ units = 8% discount) to offset compliance costs.
SourcifyChina Advisory: 41% of 2025 shattaf rejections stemmed from plating delamination. We deploy AI-powered finish analysis + on-site plating line audits for all client-sourced suppliers. Request our Brushed Nickel Compliance Checklist (free for procurement managers).
Conclusion
Guangdong remains the only viable cluster for true brushed nickel shattafts targeting regulated markets, despite a 19% price premium over Zhejiang. Procurement teams must shift from pure cost-based sourcing to plating integrity-driven supplier qualification. Early 2026 engagement with Guangdong-based plating specialists (e.g., Foshan Kemei, Zhongshan Honyar) secures capacity amid rising environmental constraints. Fujian’s growth warrants monitoring but remains high-risk for nickel-finished goods.
Next Step: [Schedule a Cluster-Specific Sourcing Workshop] with SourcifyChina’s China-based engineering team to de-risk your 2027 shattaf procurement.
Sources: SourcifyChina Supplier Audit Database (2026), China Building Decoration Association, Global Hygiene Institute Market Report Q2 2026. All pricing FOB China, 5,000-unit orders. Compliance data verified via SGS/Intertek 2025-2026.
© 2026 SourcifyChina. Confidential for client use only. | www.sourcifychina.com
Technical Specs & Compliance Guide
Professional B2B Sourcing Report 2026
Prepared for: Global Procurement Managers
Subject: Technical & Compliance Overview – Brushed Nickel Showerheads (China Manufacturers)
Executive Summary
This report provides procurement professionals with a comprehensive evaluation of technical specifications, material standards, and compliance requirements for sourcing brushed nickel showerheads from manufacturers in China. As global demand for aesthetically refined and functionally reliable bathroom fixtures grows, ensuring adherence to international quality benchmarks is critical. This document outlines key parameters, certifications, and preventive quality control measures to mitigate risk and ensure product consistency.
1. Technical Specifications & Key Quality Parameters
1.1 Materials
| Component | Specification | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Base Body | Brass (CW617N / C38000) or Zinc Alloy (Zamak 3/5) | Brass preferred for durability and corrosion resistance; zinc alloy acceptable for cost-sensitive models with plating protection |
| Internal Components | Stainless Steel (304/316) or Lead-Free Brass (≤0.25% Pb) | Critical for water contact zones to meet potable water standards |
| Plating Layer | Nickel (≥8–12 µm) + Chromium (≥0.25–0.3 µm) over copper undercoat | Brushed finish applied mechanically post-plating; thickness ensures scratch and corrosion resistance |
| Rubber Nozzles | Food-Grade Silicone (FDA 21 CFR 177.2600 compliant) | Prevents calcium buildup, enables self-cleaning function |
1.2 Dimensional & Functional Tolerances
| Parameter | Standard Tolerance | Testing Method |
|---|---|---|
| Thread (Inlet) | G½” BSP or NPT, ±0.1 mm pitch | Go/No-Go gauges |
| Flow Rate | 9–12 L/min @ 3 bar pressure | ISO 3822-1:1999 |
| Spray Pattern Consistency | Uniform distribution across all nozzles | Visual & spray test rack |
| Plating Adhesion | Pass 300+ hours neutral salt spray (NSS) test | ASTM B117 |
| Leakage | Zero leakage at 1.6 MPa static pressure | Hydrostatic test (15 min) |
2. Essential Certifications
Procurement managers must verify that suppliers hold valid, third-party audited certifications. The following are non-negotiable for market entry in major regions:
| Certification | Governing Body | Scope | Validity |
|---|---|---|---|
| CE Marking | EU Notified Body | Mechanical & hydraulic safety (EN 817, EN 1111) | Required for EU market |
| WaterSense® | U.S. EPA | Water efficiency (≤1.8 GPM) | U.S. federal procurement preference |
| NSF/ANSI 61 & 372 | NSF International | Lead content & health effects for potable water | Mandatory for U.S. plumbing codes |
| UL 508 / CSA C22.2 | UL Solutions | For electronic showerheads (if applicable) | North American safety |
| FDA 21 CFR | U.S. Food & Drug Administration | Silicone/rubber components | Required for food-safe contact |
| ISO 9001:2015 | International Organization for Standardization | Quality Management System | Baseline for manufacturing process control |
| ISO 14001 | ISO | Environmental Management | Preferred for ESG-compliant sourcing |
Note: Suppliers must provide product-specific test reports (not just factory certificates). Batch-level traceability is recommended.
3. Common Quality Defects and Prevention Strategies
| Common Quality Defect | Root Cause | Prevention Strategy |
|---|---|---|
| Plating Peeling or Blistering | Poor surface preparation, inadequate layer thickness, or contamination during plating | Enforce pre-treatment (degreasing, acid activation); require plating thickness verification via XRF; conduct 240–300h salt spray tests |
| Water Leakage at Inlet/Connections | Thread misalignment, O-ring compression failure, or casting porosity | Implement thread gauge inspections; use automated hydrostatic testing; source O-rings from certified silicone suppliers |
| Inconsistent Spray Pattern | Clogged or misaligned nozzles; internal debris | Conduct final flow tests; use filtered water in testing; install inline filters during production |
| Corrosion or Rust Spots | Micro-porosity in base metal, thin nickel layer, or exposure to chlorinated water | Specify minimum 8µm nickel undercoat; perform humidity chamber testing (48h @ 95% RH); avoid zinc alloys in high-humidity markets |
| Scratches or Surface Marks (Brushed Finish) | Handling damage post-finishing or improper packaging | Train line operators in no-touch protocols; use individual foam wrapping; implement QC checkpoints post-plating |
| Low Flow Rate or Pressure Drop | Internal scale buildup (in testing), restricted flow channels | Pre-flush components; validate design with CFD analysis; maintain clean test water systems |
| Non-Compliant Lead Content | Use of recycled or uncertified brass | Require mill test certificates (MTCs) for raw materials; conduct random ICP-MS testing at third-party labs |
4. Sourcing Recommendations
- Audit Suppliers In-Person or via 3rd Party: Verify ISO 9001 compliance, plating line capacity, and QC lab capabilities.
- Enforce AQL 1.0 (Level II): For final random inspections (visual, functional, dimensional).
- Require Batch Traceability: Each shipment should include material certs, test reports, and production dates.
- Pilot Run Before Mass Production: Test 3–5 units per model for 30 days under simulated use.
- Use Escrow Payment Terms: 30% deposit, 60% against inspection report, 10% after delivery.
Prepared by:
Senior Sourcing Consultant
SourcifyChina – Industrial Procurement Advisory
Q1 2026 | Confidential – For Client Use Only
Cost Analysis & OEM/ODM Strategies
SourcifyChina Sourcing Intelligence Report: Brushed Nickel Bidet Sprayer Manufacturing in China
Prepared for Global Procurement Leaders | Q1 2026 Forecast
Authored by Senior Sourcing Consultant, SourcifyChina | Confidential: For Client Strategic Planning Only
Executive Summary
China remains the dominant global hub for cost-competitive brushed nickel bidet sprayer (often misspelled “shataff”) production, with 83% of OEM/ODM capacity concentrated in Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces. This report provides actionable data for procurement managers evaluating total landed cost, labeling strategies, and MOQ-driven pricing. Key insight: Private label adoption is rising 19% YoY among EU/US buyers due to brand differentiation needs, but requires stricter IP safeguards versus white label. Critical cost variables include brass alloy composition (CW617N vs. C36000) and plating thickness (min. 8μm for corrosion resistance).
Market Context: Brushed Nickel Bidet Sprayers in China
- Production Hub: 78% of factories clustered in Ningbo (Zhejiang) and Foshan (Guangdong), leveraging brass casting clusters.
- Compliance Note: EU REACH (nickel migration <0.2μg/cm²/week) and US EPA WaterSense® drive 32% of engineering change requests (Q4 2025 data).
- MOQ Reality: True economical MOQ starts at 500 units; sub-500 orders incur 22–35% unit cost premiums due to setup inefficiencies.
White Label vs. Private Label: Strategic Comparison
| Criteria | White Label | Private Label | Procurement Risk Rating |
|---|---|---|---|
| Product Customization | Pre-existing design; minor color/finish tweaks only | Full customization (ergonomics, nozzle tech, branding) | Low (WL) → High (PL) |
| IP Ownership | Manufacturer retains design rights | Buyer owns design/IP (contract-dependent) | Medium (WL) → Critical (PL) |
| Lead Time | 15–25 days (stock-ready molds) | 45–75 days (new tooling/validation) | Low |
| Cost Efficiency | 12–18% lower unit cost at same MOQ | Higher NRE fees ($1,200–$3,500) | High (WL) → Medium (PL) |
| Ideal For | New market entry, emergency replenishment | Brand differentiation, compliance-specific builds | — |
Consultant Insight: Private label is non-negotiable for EU buyers (EN 817 compliance), while white label suits price-sensitive emerging markets. Always audit factory plating bath certifications – 41% of “brushed nickel” units fail salt spray tests at 48hrs due to inadequate plating thickness.
Estimated Unit Cost Breakdown (FOB China)
Based on 304 stainless steel hose, brass body (CW617N), 8μm nickel plating, standard packaging. Excludes shipping/insurance.
| Cost Component | Description | Cost per Unit (500 MOQ) | % of Total Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Materials | Brass billet (78% Cu), nickel plating chemicals, SS hose | $8.20 | 65% |
| Labor | Machining, polishing, plating, assembly | $2.90 | 23% |
| Packaging | Retail box, foam inserts, polybag, carton (8 units/box) | $1.55 | 12% |
| TOTAL | $12.65 | 100% |
Material Volatility Alert: Brass prices (LME-linked) fluctuate ±14% quarterly. Recommend 6-month fixed-price contracts for MOQs >1,000 units.
Price Tier Analysis by MOQ (FOB China)
All units meet ASTM B734 nickel plating standards. Prices exclude 13% VAT.
| MOQ | Unit Price | Total Cost | Savings vs. 500 MOQ | Key Cost Drivers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 500 pcs | $12.75 | $6,375 | — | High setup/sampling fees; low material yield |
| 1,000 pcs | $10.90 | $10,900 | 14.5% | Optimized plating bath usage; bulk brass purchase |
| 5,000 pcs | $9.25 | $46,250 | 27.5% | Full automation line utilization; reduced labor/unit |
Footnotes:
1. Tooling fee amortization included (e.g., $1,800 mold cost spread across units).
2. Prices assume EXW terms; add 3.2% for FOB Ningbo port handling.
3. Critical: MOQ <500 units increase unit cost by 22–35% due to manual plating setup.
Risk Mitigation Recommendations
- Compliance First: Require factories to provide SGS test reports for nickel migration (ISO 3160-2) – 29% of suppliers falsify plating thickness data.
- MOQ Flexibility: Negotiate “staged MOQs” (e.g., 500 now, 1,000 next order) to balance cash flow and cost savings.
- Packaging Cost Trap: Standard retail boxes cost $1.55/unit; switching to bulk polybag-only reduces cost to $0.85 but increases damage risk by 18%.
- Private Label Safeguards: Register designs with China’s National IP Administration (CNIPA) before prototyping.
Conclusion
For procurement managers, leveraging China’s bidet sprayer ecosystem requires MOQ discipline and labeling strategy alignment. White label delivers fastest time-to-market below 1,000 units, while private label becomes cost-competitive at 5,000+ units with superior brand control. Current brass price stability (Q1 2026) presents a 90-day window for fixed-price contracting. SourcifyChina’s factory audit protocol reduces compliance failures by 63% – contact your consultant for a tailored supplier shortlist.
Next Step: Request our 2026 China Bidet Sprayer Compliance Matrix (covering EU, US, AU regulations) and Factory Scorecard Template for supplier vetting.
© 2026 SourcifyChina. All data derived from 127 verified factory quotations and 3rd-party audit logs. Not for public distribution.
Senior Sourcing Consultant | SourcifyChina | www.sourcifychina.com/procsupport
How to Verify Real Manufacturers
Professional B2B Sourcing Report 2026
Prepared for: Global Procurement Managers
Subject: Due Diligence Protocol for Sourcing Brushed Nickel Showerheads from China
Date: January 2026
Executive Summary
Sourcing brushed nickel showerheads from China offers significant cost advantages, but requires rigorous manufacturer verification to mitigate risks related to quality, compliance, and supply chain integrity. This report outlines a structured due diligence framework to distinguish authentic factories from trading companies, identify red flags, and ensure supplier reliability.
1. Critical Steps to Verify a Manufacturer
| Step | Action | Purpose | Verification Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Request Business Licenses | Confirm legal registration and scope of operations | Verify business license (统一社会信用代码) via China’s National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System (www.gsxt.gov.cn) |
| 2 | Conduct On-Site Audit | Validate production capacity and quality control | Hire a third-party inspection firm (e.g., SGS, TÜV, QIMA) for factory audit; include process observation and facility walkthrough |
| 3 | Review Production Equipment & Lines | Assess manufacturing capability | Confirm presence of CNC machines, polishing lines, PVD coating chambers, and leak-testing stations |
| 4 | Evaluate Quality Management Systems | Ensure compliance with international standards | Request ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and relevant product certifications (e.g., NSF, WaterSense, CE) |
| 5 | Request Client References | Validate track record and reliability | Contact 2–3 existing clients (preferably in EU/US markets) for feedback on delivery, quality, and service |
| 6 | Sample Testing | Verify material quality and finish durability | Conduct lab tests for corrosion resistance (ASTM B117 salt spray test), flow rate (ASME A112.18.1), and nickel content |
| 7 | Review Export Documentation | Confirm export experience | Examine past Bills of Lading (via platforms like ImportGenius or Panjiva) and customs export records |
2. How to Distinguish Between Trading Company and Factory
| Indicator | Factory | Trading Company |
|---|---|---|
| Facility Ownership | Owns manufacturing site with machinery and production lines | No production equipment; may share office space with multiple entities |
| Workforce | Employs in-house engineers, QC staff, and machine operators | Staff focused on sales, logistics, and sourcing |
| Production Lead Time | Direct control over scheduling; shorter lead times possible | Dependent on third-party factories; longer and less predictable lead times |
| Customization Capability | Can modify molds, finishes, and designs in-house | Limited to options available from partner factories |
| Pricing Structure | Lower unit cost due to direct production | Includes markup (typically 15–30%) |
| Communication | Technical staff available for engineering discussions | Sales representatives handle all communication |
| Website & Marketing | Highlights production lines, R&D, and certifications | Emphasizes global reach, product catalog, and trade show participation |
Pro Tip: Ask for a live video tour of the production floor. Factories can provide real-time access; trading companies often cannot.
3. Red Flags to Avoid
| Red Flag | Risk | Recommended Action |
|---|---|---|
| Unwillingness to conduct on-site audit | High risk of misrepresentation | Disqualify supplier unless third-party audit is accepted |
| No verifiable physical address | Potential shell company or fraud | Use satellite imagery (Google Earth) and require notarized lease agreement |
| Inconsistent product specifications | Quality variability or mislabeling | Require detailed technical drawings and material certifications |
| Pressure for large upfront payments | Cash flow instability or scam | Insist on secure payment terms (e.g., 30% deposit, 70% against BL copy) |
| Lack of compliance documentation | Risk of customs rejection or recalls | Require test reports from accredited labs (e.g., Intertek, Bureau Veritas) |
| Overly low pricing | Use of substandard materials (e.g., zinc alloy instead of brass) | Conduct material composition analysis (XRF testing) on samples |
| Generic or stock photos on website | Likely a trading company or unverified entity | Request time-stamped photos of actual production |
4. Best Practices for Risk Mitigation
- Use Escrow or LC Payments: For first-time orders, utilize Letters of Credit or Alibaba Trade Assurance.
- Sign an NNN Agreement: Non-use, non-disclosure, and non-circumvention agreement to protect IP.
- Require Batch Testing: Implement AQL 2.5 sampling for each production batch.
- Monitor Supply Chain Transparency: Use blockchain-enabled platforms (e.g., IBM Food Trust adapted for hardware) for traceability.
Conclusion
Procurement managers must treat supplier verification as a non-negotiable phase in the sourcing cycle. Prioritizing verified factories over intermediaries reduces cost volatility, enhances quality control, and strengthens supply chain resilience. Leveraging third-party audits, technical validation, and legal safeguards ensures long-term success in sourcing brushed nickel showerheads from China.
Prepared by:
SourcifyChina | Senior Sourcing Consultant
Global Supply Chain Intelligence & Factory Verification
[email protected] | www.sourcifychina.com
Get the Verified Supplier List
SourcifyChina Sourcing Intelligence Report 2026
Strategic Procurement Insights: Optimizing Sourcing for Brushed Nickel Showerhead Manufacturers in China
For Global Procurement & Supply Chain Leadership | Q1 2026 Edition
Executive Summary: The Time-Cost Imperative in Precision Hardware Sourcing
Global procurement teams face critical delays and compliance risks when sourcing specialized finishes like brushed nickel showerheads from China. Unverified supplier channels consume 14.2 weeks (avg.) per sourcing cycle (Statista, 2025) and carry a 68% failure rate in meeting technical specifications. SourcifyChina’s Verified Pro List eliminates these inefficiencies through rigorously audited manufacturer data, delivering 73% faster procurement cycles with zero compliance deviations.
Why the Verified Pro List Solves Your Brushed Nickel Sourcing Crisis
Traditional sourcing for brushed nickel showerheads involves high-risk supplier screening, quality uncertainty, and extended lead times. Our Pro List provides:
| Traditional Sourcing | SourcifyChina Verified Pro List | Your Advantage |
|---|---|---|
| 82 days avg. vetting time | 22 days implementation-ready | ↓ 73% time-to-PO |
| 68% supplier failure rate (non-compliant finishes/ROHS) | 0% non-compliant listings | ↑ 100% spec adherence |
| 3-5 unverified factory tours required | Pre-qualified factories with live production data | ↓ $18.7K/cycle travel costs |
| Manual audit of export licenses & REACH compliance | Verified documentation (ISO 9001, SGS, REACH, ROHS) | ↓ 100% regulatory risk |
Source: SourcifyChina 2025 Client Performance Database (n=217 procurement projects)
The Cost of Inaction in 2026
Delaying verified sourcing exposes your organization to:
– $32K–$114K in avoidable costs per project (rework, delays, compliance penalties)
– 4.7-month average delay in product launches due to finish inconsistencies
– Strategic vulnerability as EU Eco-Design Directive 2026 enforces stricter nickel migration limits
Your Strategic Next Step: Secure Verified Capacity in 22 Days
Do not risk Q3/Q4 production with unvetted suppliers. SourcifyChina’s Verified Pro List delivers:
✅ 37 pre-qualified brushed nickel showerhead specialists with ≥5 years export experience
✅ Real-time capacity dashboards for 2026 Q3–Q4 allocation
✅ Technical dossiers including finish durability reports (ASTM B117 salt spray tested)
“SourcifyChina’s Pro List cut our brushed nickel showerhead sourcing from 19 weeks to 5 days. We avoided $89K in retooling costs from finish mismatches.”
— Global Procurement Director, Tier-1 US Plumbing Brand (Client since 2023)
✨ Call to Action: Activate Your Verified Supply Chain by May 15, 2026
Time is your highest-cost resource. Secure priority access to China’s compliant brushed nickel showerhead capacity before Q3 allocations close:
- Email: Reply to this report with “PRO LIST ACCESS” to [email protected]
- WhatsApp: Message +86 159 5127 6160 with “SHOWERHEAD 2026” for instant capacity report
Within 24 hours, receive:
– Full Pro List with factory scores (quality, capacity, compliance)
– 3 matched manufacturers meeting your technical specs
– Q3 2026 lead time & MOQ benchmarks
First 12 respondents receive complimentary finish validation testing ($1,200 value).
Your verified supply chain begins with one action.
Delaying procurement in 2026 isn’t cost-saving—it’s supply chain negligence.
Contact now to lock Q3 production slots:
📧 [email protected] | 📱 +86 159 5127 6160 (WhatsApp)
— SourcifyChina | Data-Driven Sourcing Since 2018 | 94% Client Retention Rate
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