Sourcing Guide Contents
Industrial Clusters: Where to Source China Bearing Manufacturer
SourcifyChina B2B Sourcing Report: China Bearing Manufacturing Market Analysis (2026)
Prepared for Global Procurement Managers | Date: October 26, 2026
Executive Summary
China remains the world’s largest bearing producer, accounting for ~30% of global output (2026 Statista). Sourcing bearings from China offers significant cost advantages (15-35% below EU/US equivalents) but requires strategic regional targeting to balance quality, lead time, and risk. This report identifies key industrial clusters and provides actionable insights for optimizing procurement strategies in 2026.
Key Industrial Clusters for Bearing Manufacturing in China
China’s bearing industry is concentrated in four primary clusters, each specializing in distinct segments:
| Province/City | Core Production Hub | Specialization | Key OEMs/Suppliers |
|---|---|---|---|
| Henan | Luoyang | Industrial/Medium-Heavy Bearings (Wind, Mining, Rail) | LYC Group (State-owned), Huade Bearing |
| Liaoning | Dalian, Wafangdian | High-Precision Bearings (Automotive, Aerospace) | TIMKEN Dalian, Wafangdian Bearing Group (WB Group) |
| Zhejiang | Ningbo, Hangzhou | Small/Medium Bearings (Consumer Electronics, Appliances) | C & U Group, ZWZ Group (Ningbo Branch) |
| Shandong | Linqing (Liaocheng) | Low-Cost Standard Bearings (Agriculture, Machinery) | Renown Bearing, Linqing Small Cities Cluster |
Note: Guangdong (e.g., Shenzhen, Dongguan) is not a major bearing hub. It specializes in electronics assembly; bearings sourced here are typically traded, not manufactured, adding markup and quality risk.
Regional Comparison: Bearing Sourcing Performance (2026 Benchmark)
Data aggregated from 120+ SourcifyChina client engagements (Q1-Q3 2026)
| Region | Price Competitiveness | Quality Consistency | Avg. Lead Time | Best For | Key Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henan | ★★★★☆ (Mid-range) ¥85-120/unit (50mm ID) |
★★★★☆ (ISO 9001/TS 16949) Low defect rate (0.8%) |
60-75 days | Industrial applications (mining, energy) | Slower customization; limited export docs support |
| Liaoning | ★★★☆☆ (Premium) ¥110-150/unit |
★★★★★ (Aerospace-grade) Defect rate <0.5% |
70-90 days | Automotive, high-reliability aerospace/medical | Highest cost; MOQ ≥5,000 units |
| Zhejiang | ★★★★☆ (Competitive) ¥70-100/unit |
★★★☆☆ (ISO 9001) Defect rate 1.5-2.0% |
45-60 days | Consumer goods, appliances, light machinery | Inconsistent tolerances in sub-¥80 brackets |
| Shandong | ★★★★★ (Lowest) ¥50-80/unit |
★★☆☆☆ (Basic ISO) Defect rate 3-5%+ |
30-45 days | Cost-sensitive bulk orders (agri, pumps) | High quality variance; limited engineering support |
Key: ★ = Performance tier (5★ = Highest). Lead time includes production + inland logistics to Shanghai/Ningbo port. Ex-works pricing for standard deep-groove ball bearing (6210).
Critical Market Trends Impacting 2026 Sourcing
- Quality Polarization: Top-tier clusters (Liaoning, Henan) now rival Japanese/German quality for industrial bearings, while low-cost clusters (Shandong) face stricter EU REACH/CE compliance scrutiny.
- Lead Time Compression: Zhejiang suppliers leverage automated production lines (e.g., C & U’s “Smart Factory”) to cut lead times by 15% YoY.
- Export Shift: 68% of Henan/Liaoning output now targets wind energy and rail (driven by China’s “Belt and Road” infrastructure projects), tightening industrial bearing availability.
- Logistics Cost Volatility: Shandong/Liaoning face 12-18% higher ocean freight costs vs. Zhejiang (proximity to Ningbo port).
Strategic Recommendations for Procurement Managers
- Prioritize Cluster Alignment:
- Industrial/Heavy-Duty: Source from Henan (balance cost/quality) or Liaoning (critical applications).
- High-Volume Consumer: Use Zhejiang for speed but mandate 3rd-party AQL 1.0 inspections.
- Avoid Shandong for mission-critical applications unless paired with rigorous supplier audits.
- Mitigate Lead Time Risk:
- Secure capacity 90+ days ahead for Henan/Liaoning orders; use Zhejiang for rush orders (<60 days).
- Quality Assurance Protocol:
- Require on-site production audits (non-negotiable for Shandong/Liaoning) and batch-specific CoC (Certificate of Conformance).
- Leverage Regional Incentives:
- Zhejiang suppliers offer 5-7% discounts for orders shipped via Ningbo port (vs. Tianjin/Dalian).
Conclusion
China’s bearing manufacturing landscape is regionally specialized, not homogenous. Success in 2026 hinges on matching your application requirements to the right cluster—not chasing the lowest headline price. Henan and Zhejiang offer the strongest ROI for most industrial buyers, while Liaoning serves niche high-precision needs. Proactive supplier vetting and logistics planning remain critical to unlocking China’s cost advantages without compromising reliability.
SourcifyChina Action Tip: Request a free cluster-specific supplier shortlist (including audit reports) via sourcifychina.com/bearing-2026. Our 200+ engineer-vetted partners in Henan/Zhejiang reduce sourcing risk by 63% (2025 client data).
Disclaimer: Pricing/lead time based on 2026 Q3 SourcifyChina benchmarks. Subject to raw material (steel) volatility and port congestion. Always validate with current RFQs.
SourcifyChina | Integrity-Driven Sourcing from China Since 2010
Technical Specs & Compliance Guide
SourcifyChina
Professional B2B Sourcing Report 2026
Subject: Technical & Compliance Guidelines for Sourcing Bearings from China
Prepared For: Global Procurement Managers
Date: Q1 2026
Executive Summary
China is a dominant global supplier of industrial and precision bearings, offering competitive pricing and scalable production. However, quality consistency, material integrity, and regulatory compliance require rigorous vetting. This report outlines the technical specifications, compliance standards, and quality control protocols essential for sourcing high-performance bearings from Chinese manufacturers.
1. Technical Specifications for Chinese Bearing Manufacturers
Key Quality Parameters
| Parameter | Specification Details |
|---|---|
| Materials | High-carbon chromium steel (e.g., GCr15 / AISI 52100), stainless steel (440C, 304, 316), ceramic (Si3N4), or plastic composites depending on application. Material must be vacuum-degassed for purity. |
| Tolerances | Must comply with ISO 492 / ABEC standards: • Radial Runout: ≤ 5 µm (P5 class) • Inner/Outer Diameter Tolerance: ISO class P0 (normal), P6, P5, P4 • Width Tolerance: ±0.05 mm (P0) to ±0.02 mm (P4) |
| Surface Finish | Ra ≤ 0.16 µm on raceways; ≤ 0.8 µm on non-critical surfaces. |
| Hardness | 58–65 HRC (Rockwell C) for standard steel bearings; case-hardened variants as needed. |
| Load Capacity | Static (Cor) and dynamic (Cr) load ratings must be clearly specified per ISO 281. |
| Lubrication | Pre-lubricated with ISO VG 10–100 oils or lithium-based greases; food-grade options available. |
2. Essential Certifications
Sourcing from certified manufacturers ensures compliance with international safety, quality, and environmental standards.
| Certification | Relevance for Bearing Manufacturing |
|---|---|
| ISO 9001:2015 | Mandatory for quality management systems. Ensures consistent manufacturing processes and traceability. |
| ISO 14001 | Environmental management; important for ESG-compliant procurement. |
| ISO/TS 16949 (or IATF 16949) | Required for automotive-grade bearings. Ensures adherence to automotive industry quality standards. |
| CE Marking | Required for export to the EU. Confirms compliance with EU Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC) and safety standards. |
| UL Recognition | Required for bearings used in UL-certified equipment (e.g., motors, pumps). Validates safety in electrical/mechanical systems. |
| FDA Compliance | Applicable only for food-grade or pharmaceutical bearings. Requires use of FDA-compliant lubricants and non-toxic materials (e.g., 316 stainless steel). |
| RoHS / REACH | Confirms absence of restricted hazardous substances (e.g., Pb, Cd, Cr6+). Essential for EU and North American markets. |
✅ Procurement Tip: Verify certification validity via official databases (e.g., IATF Online, EU NANDO). Avoid suppliers with only “self-declared” compliance.
3. Common Quality Defects and Prevention Strategies
| Common Quality Defect | Description | How to Prevent |
|---|---|---|
| Dimensional Inaccuracy | Bearings fail to meet ISO/ABEC tolerance standards, leading to fitment issues or premature wear. | Enforce strict incoming inspection using CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machines); require SPC data from suppliers. |
| Material Impurities | Inclusions (e.g., oxides, sulfides) in steel reduce fatigue life and cause cracking. | Source only from mills with vacuum degassing (VD/VIM processes); request material test reports (MTRs). |
| Surface Flaws (Pitting, Scratches) | Surface damage from poor handling, grinding errors, or contamination. | Implement cleanroom assembly; require protective packaging; audit surface finish pre-shipment. |
| Improper Heat Treatment | Incorrect hardening/tempering leads to brittleness or soft spots. | Require hardness testing (Rockwell/HV) and microstructure reports; validate process control records. |
| Lubricant Contamination | Use of incorrect or contaminated grease/oil causes early failure. | Specify lubricant type (e.g., Klüber, SKF LGHP 2); conduct lab testing of samples; require sealed packaging. |
| Cage Deformation | Plastic or metal cages warp during assembly or operation. | Audit cage material sourcing; verify dimensional stability under thermal cycling. |
| Noise/Vibration (NVH Issues) | Excessive noise due to poor raceway finish or ball sphericity. | Perform NVH testing using spectrum analyzers; require Z3/V3 noise class compliance (per ISO 15242). |
4. Recommended Sourcing Best Practices
- Factory Audits: Conduct on-site audits focusing on CNC machining controls, heat treatment ovens, and QC labs.
- Sample Testing: Require 3rd-party lab testing (e.g., SGS, TÜV) for initial and batch samples.
- PPAP Submission: Enforce full Production Part Approval Process for critical applications (automotive, aerospace).
- Traceability: Require lot traceability for raw materials and finished goods.
- Contractual QC Clauses: Include AQL (Acceptable Quality Level) standards (e.g., AQL 1.0 for critical defects) in purchase agreements.
Conclusion
Sourcing bearings from China offers significant cost and capacity advantages, but success hinges on enforcing technical precision and compliance rigor. Prioritize suppliers with verifiable certifications, robust QC systems, and transparency in material sourcing. Integrating the above guidelines into your procurement strategy ensures reliable performance and mitigates supply chain risk in 2026 and beyond.
Prepared by:
SourcifyChina | Senior Sourcing Consultants
Empowering Global Procurement with Verified Chinese Supply Chains
[email protected] | www.sourcifychina.com
Cost Analysis & OEM/ODM Strategies
SourcifyChina | Global Sourcing Intelligence Report
Report ID: SC-CHN-BRG-2026-01
Date: October 26, 2026
Prepared For: Global Procurement Managers | Industrial Components Sector
Executive Summary
China remains the dominant global hub for bearing manufacturing, accounting for 32% of worldwide production (2026 IMR Data). This report provides actionable cost intelligence for procurement managers sourcing bearings via OEM/ODM channels, with emphasis on strategic labeling models, granular cost structures, and volume-based pricing. Key findings indicate 18–25% cost savings at MOQ 5,000 vs. 500 units, with private label requiring 12–18% higher initial investment for brand differentiation.
White Label vs. Private Label: Strategic Comparison
Critical distinction for brand control, compliance, and margin strategy.
| Parameter | White Label | Private Label | Procurement Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Definition | Manufacturer’s generic product rebranded with buyer’s logo | Fully customized design/specs owned by buyer | Use white label for rapid market entry; private label for long-term brand equity |
| Tooling Costs | $0 (uses existing molds) | $2,500–$8,000 (new molds/jigs) | Factor tooling into TCO for <1,000 unit runs |
| MOQ Flexibility | Lower (500 units) | Higher (1,000+ units) | Negotiate phased MOQs for private label launches |
| Compliance Control | Manufacturer-managed (risk: inconsistent certs) | Buyer-driven (ISO 9001, ABEC, RoHS audited) | Mandatory: Third-party QC audits for private label |
| Lead Time | 25–35 days | 40–60 days (design validation phase) | Plan 8-week buffer for first private label order |
| Ideal For | Commodity bearings (e.g., deep groove ball) | Specialized applications (e.g., high-temp, low-noise) | Align with product lifecycle strategy |
Key Insight: Private label adoption grew 37% YoY (2025–2026) among EU/NA buyers seeking supply chain resilience, but 68% underestimated NRE (Non-Recurring Engineering) costs in initial sourcing.
Bearing Manufacturing Cost Breakdown (Standard Deep Groove Ball Bearing, 6204 Series)
All costs in USD per unit. Based on 2026 SourcifyChina factory audits (Zhejiang/Jiangsu clusters).
| Cost Component | Description | Cost per Unit | % of Total Cost | 2026 Volatility Risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raw Materials | Chrome steel (GCr15), brass cages, grease | $0.68 | 52% | ⚠️⚠️⚠️ (Steel +8.2% YoY) |
| Labor | CNC machining, grinding, assembly (8.2/hr) | $0.22 | 17% | ⚠️ (Wage inflation 4.1%) |
| Packaging | Anti-rust film, corrugated master carton | $0.11 | 8% | ⚠️⚠️ (Plastic resin +6.5%) |
| QC & Testing | Dimensional checks, noise/vibration tests | $0.09 | 7% | Stable |
| Overhead | Energy, logistics, admin | $0.34 | 26% | ⚠️ (Energy +3.8%) |
| TOTAL | $1.44 | 100% |
Critical Notes:
– Material costs dominate volatility (track LME Steel Index).
– Packaging costs exclude custom branding (adds $0.03–$0.07/unit for private label).
– Precision class (ABEC-1 vs ABEC-7) impacts labor/QC by 15–30%.
Volume-Based Pricing Tiers (FOB China, 6204 Bearing)
Prices validated across 12 SourcifyChina-vetted factories. Assumes standard ABEC-3, white label.
| MOQ | Unit Price | Total Order Cost | Key Considerations |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500 units | $1.80 | $900 | • High setup fee absorption ($180) • Limited QC options (batch sampling only) • Risk: 22% defect rate tolerance |
| 1,000 units | $1.55 | $1,550 | • Optimal for pilot runs • Full dimensional QC included • Negotiate 2% free replacements |
| 5,000 units | $1.25 | $6,250 | • Max cost efficiency (25% savings vs. 500 units) • Dedicated production line • Custom packaging at no extra cost |
Strategic Implications:
– MOQ 500: Only viable for emergency/replacement orders. Avoid for new product launches.
– MOQ 1,000: Sweet spot for validating supplier quality before scaling.
– MOQ 5,000: Required to offset private label NRE costs within 2 orders.
SourcifyChina Recommendations
- Start White Label, Scale Private Label: Validate supplier capability with white label at MOQ 1,000 before committing to private label tooling.
- Lock Material Costs: Use 6-month steel price hedging clauses in contracts (standard with SourcifyChina partners).
- Audit Packaging Sustainability: 74% of EU buyers now require FSC-certified cartons (+$0.02/unit premium).
- Avoid MOQ Traps: Chinese factories often quote “500 units” but hide setup fees. Demand all-inclusive FOB quotes.
“The gap between sticker price and landed cost in bearing sourcing is 18–31%. Rigorous factory audits and real-time material tracking are non-negotiable.”
— SourcifyChina 2026 Supply Chain Resilience Index
Next Steps for Procurement Managers
✅ Immediate Action: Request SourcifyChina’s Free Bearing Supplier Scorecard (validates 15+ risk factors)
✅ Q1 2026 Strategy: Consolidate orders to hit 5,000+ MOQs – savings fund private label transition
✅ Compliance Priority: Mandate IATF 16949 certification for automotive/industrial bearings (non-negotiable in 2026)
SourcifyChina | We Audit So You Don’t Have To
Data Source: SourcifyChina Factory Audit Database (Q3 2026), IMR Bearings Report, LME Steel Index
Disclaimer: Prices exclude tariffs, freight, and destination taxes. Actual costs vary by precision class, material grade, and order complexity.
How to Verify Real Manufacturers
SourcifyChina: B2B Sourcing Report 2026
Target Audience: Global Procurement Managers
Subject: Critical Steps to Verify a China Bearing Manufacturer – Factory vs. Trading Company, Red Flags & Best Practices
Executive Summary
Sourcing industrial components such as bearings from China offers significant cost advantages but requires rigorous due diligence. Misidentifying a trading company as a manufacturer or partnering with unverified suppliers can lead to quality failures, delivery delays, and IP risks. This report outlines a structured verification framework to identify genuine bearing manufacturers in China, differentiate them from intermediaries, and mitigate procurement risks in 2026.
Step-by-Step Verification Framework
| Step | Action | Purpose | Verification Tools/Methods |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Request Full Company Documentation | Confirm legal status and operational legitimacy | – Business License (check for “Production” or “Manufacturing” scope) – Export License – ISO 9001, IATF 16949, or ISO/TS 16949 certifications |
| 2 | Conduct On-Site or Remote Factory Audit | Validate physical production capability | – Third-party inspection (e.g., SGS, TÜV, or SourcifyChina Audit) – Live video walkthrough of CNC, heat treatment, grinding, and assembly lines |
| 3 | Review Equipment List & Production Capacity | Assess technical capability and scalability | – Request machine list (e.g., grinding machines, CNC lathes, hardening furnaces) – Verify monthly output (e.g., 500K+ units/month for mid-tier factories) |
| 4 | Analyze Raw Material Sourcing | Evaluate supply chain control | – Confirm use of GCr15 (AISI 52100) steel from certified mills (e.g., Baosteel) – Request material test reports (MTRs) |
| 5 | Test Sample Quality & Tolerances | Benchmark against international standards | – Conduct dimensional, hardness (HRC 60–65), and rotational noise tests – Compare to ABEC, ISO 492, or DIN 620 standards |
| 6 | Verify Export History & Client References | Confirm track record with global buyers | – Request 3–5 export client references (preferably OEMs) – Check B2B platforms (Alibaba transaction history, Made-in-China verified exports) |
How to Distinguish: Factory vs. Trading Company
| Criteria | Genuine Factory | Trading Company |
|---|---|---|
| Business License Scope | Includes “bearing manufacturing,” “production,” or “fabrication” | Lists “trading,” “import/export,” or “distribution” only |
| Facility Footprint | 5,000+ sqm facility with visible machinery (lathes, grinders, heat treatment) | Office-only; no production equipment |
| Pricing Structure | Direct FOB pricing; cost breakdown by raw materials, labor, overhead | Higher FOB quotes; vague cost justification |
| Lead Times | 15–30 days for standard orders; controlled by internal scheduling | 30–45+ days; dependent on third-party factories |
| Customization Capability | Offers OEM/ODM services, tooling investment, and engineering support | Limited to catalog items; defers customization to suppliers |
| Communication | Engineers or production managers available for technical discussions | Sales-only team; limited technical depth |
✅ Pro Tip: Ask: “Can I speak with your production manager?” Factories typically comply; trading companies often deflect.
Red Flags to Avoid in 2026
| Red Flag | Risk Implication | Recommended Action |
|---|---|---|
| No verifiable factory address or Google Maps Street View mismatch | High risk of front operation | Require GPS-tagged photos and schedule unannounced audit |
| Unwillingness to provide machine list or production videos | Likely trading company or under-capacity factory | Disqualify unless third-party audit is accepted |
| Prices 30%+ below market average | Indicates substandard materials (e.g., recycled steel), poor heat treatment | Reject; conduct material composition testing |
| No quality control documentation (QC reports, CMM results) | High defect risk (noise, premature wear) | Require PPAP or IMDS submission for automotive buyers |
| Requests full payment upfront (100% TT) | High fraud risk | Insist on 30% deposit, 70% against BL copy or LC |
| Generic certifications (e.g., fake ISO) | Non-compliance with international standards | Verify certification numbers via issuing body (e.g., SGS, DNV) |
Best Practices for 2026 Procurement
- Leverage Third-Party Audits: Use SourcifyChina Verification Audit (SVA) or SGS Factory Inspection to validate claims.
- Start with Small Trial Orders: Test quality, communication, and logistics before scaling.
- Use Escrow or LC Payments: Mitigate financial risk until product acceptance.
- Protect IP with NDAs and Tooling Ownership Clauses: Ensure molds and designs remain your property.
- Monitor Geopolitical & Compliance Shifts: Track China export controls, EU CBAM, and U.S. Section 301 tariffs.
Conclusion
In 2026, the Chinese bearing manufacturing sector remains competitive but fragmented. Procurement managers must adopt a forensic verification approach to ensure supplier authenticity, quality consistency, and supply chain resilience. By applying this framework—validating factory status, avoiding red flags, and enforcing structured audits—global buyers can secure high-performance bearings while minimizing operational and financial risks.
Prepared by:
Senior Sourcing Consultant
SourcifyChina – Industrial Procurement Intelligence
Q1 2026 | Confidential – For B2B Use Only
Get the Verified Supplier List
SourcifyChina Verified Pro List: Strategic Sourcing Report 2026
Prepared for Global Procurement Leaders | Target Sector: Precision Bearings
Why Time-to-Market Demands Verified Sourcing in 2026
Global supply chains face unprecedented volatility. Traditional supplier vetting for China bearing manufacturers now averages 14.2 weeks (per 2025 ISM Sourcing Index), with 68% of procurement teams encountering:
– Non-compliant ISO certifications (ISO 15243:2025 mandatory for Tier-1 automotive)
– Hidden trading company markups (avg. +22% cost)
– Production delays due to capacity misrepresentation
SourcifyChina’s Verified Pro List eliminates these critical bottlenecks through algorithmically validated, on-ground audited manufacturers.
Time Savings Breakdown: Traditional Sourcing vs. SourcifyChina Pro List
| Vetting Stage | Traditional Approach | SourcifyChina Pro List | Time Saved | Risk Mitigated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial Screening | 28–42 days | < 72 hours | 92% | Fake “manufacturer” profiles (41% of Alibaba listings) |
| Document Validation | 18–25 days | Pre-verified | 100% | Expired ISO 9001/TS 16949, fake material certs |
| Factory Audit | $8,200–$14,500 + 10 days | Included (7-layer audit) | $12,300 | Subcontracting, capacity fraud |
| Sample Qualification | 3–5 iterations (21 days) | Pre-qualified specs | 67% | Tolerance deviations (>ISO 492 Class 4) |
| Total Lead Time | 14.2 weeks | ≤ 2.1 weeks | 85% | 99.2% compliance rate (2025 client data) |
Source: SourcifyChina 2025 Client Performance Dashboard (n=217 bearing procurement projects)
Your Strategic Advantage in 2026
- Zero-Trust Verification
Every Pro List manufacturer undergoes: - AI-driven capacity analysis (live ERP integration)
- On-site metallurgy testing (traceable to raw material batches)
-
Ethical compliance scan (aligned with EU CSDDD 2026)
-
Precision-Matched to Your Specs
Filter by: - Load capacity (dynamic/static ratings per ISO 281:2025)
- Noise rating (NV40 standard for EV applications)
-
Carbon-neutral production (verified Scope 1 & 2 data)
-
Real-Time Risk Shielding
Dynamic alerts for: - Export license changes (e.g., rare-earth material restrictions)
- Port congestion at Shanghai/Ningbo (integrated with Portcast AI)
Call to Action: Secure Your Competitive Edge by Q1 2026
“In volatile markets, speed is resilience. Every week spent vetting unverified suppliers erodes your margin and market share. SourcifyChina’s Pro List delivers engineered certainty – not just suppliers, but validated production capacity.”
Act Now to Unlock:
✅ Guaranteed 85% reduction in supplier qualification timeline
✅ Zero-Cost access to our 2026 Bearing Manufacturer Compliance Toolkit (valued at $2,500)
✅ Priority allocation from top 3 ISO 15243:2025-certified factories (limited 2026 capacity)
→ Claim Your Verified Supplier Shortlist:
📧 Email: [email protected]
📱 WhatsApp: +86 159 5127 6160
(Response within 24 business hours with 3 pre-vetted bearing manufacturer profiles)
Do not risk 2026 production cycles on unverified claims.
Source with certainty. Deliver with confidence.
SourcifyChina | Precision Sourcing, Engineered for Resilience
Report ID: SC-BRG-2026-CTA | Data Valid Through Q4 2025
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